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剑桥数学0607:圆圈淘汰问题探究 | Cambridge Math 0607: Circle Elimination

剑桥国际数学0607:圆圈淘汰问题探究 | Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0607: Circle Elimination Investigation

在剑桥IGCSE国际数学(0607)的Paper 6中,有一类非常有趣的探究性问题——圆圈淘汰问题(Removing Discs / Circle Elimination)。它不仅考察你的计算和归纳能力,更考验你的数学推理与沟通能力。今天我们就来深入解析这道经典题目。

In Cambridge IGCSE International Mathematics (0607) Paper 6, there’s a fascinating type of investigation problem — the Circle Elimination Problem (Removing Discs). It tests not only your calculation and generalisation skills but also your mathematical reasoning and communication abilities. Let’s dive deep into this classic problem today.

问题描述 | Problem Description

1到10共十个编号圆盘围成一个圆圈。从1号开始,顺时针方向:移除第一个,跳过下一个,移除再下一个……如此交替,直到只剩一个圆盘。移除顺序为:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 6, 10, 8。最终剩下的是4号。问题要求你研究:当圆盘数量从2到20时,每个情况下最终剩下的是哪个编号?

Ten discs numbered 1 to 10 form a circle. Starting at disc 1, going clockwise: remove one, skip the next, remove the next, and so on until only one disc remains. The removal order is: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 6, 10, 8. The remaining disc is number 4. The task: investigate which disc remains when the circle has 2 to 20 discs.

核心知识点 | Key Learning Points

  1. 约瑟夫斯问题的变体 | A Variant of the Josephus Problem:这个问题是著名的约瑟夫斯问题(Josephus Problem)的变体。经典约瑟夫斯问题中,每第k个人被淘汰;这里k=2(每次跳过一个)。这是一个具有悠久历史的组合数学问题,最早的记载可追溯到公元1世纪。
    This is a variant of the famous Josephus Problem. In the classic version, every k-th person is eliminated; here k=2 (skip one each time). This is a combinatorial problem with a long history, dating back to the 1st century AD.
  2. 模式观察与归纳 | Pattern Observation & Induction:通过填写2到20个圆盘的表格,你会发现一个惊人的模式:当圆盘数为2的幂(2, 4, 8, 16)时,幸存者编号等于圆盘总数。例如:2个盘→剩2号,4个盘→剩4号,8个盘→剩8号,16个盘→剩16号。这是解题的关键突破口。
    By completing the table for 2 to 20 discs, you’ll discover a striking pattern: when the number of discs is a power of 2 (2, 4, 8, 16), the survivor’s number equals the total number of discs. E.g., 2 discs → #2 remains, 4 discs → #4, 8 discs → #8, 16 discs → #16. This is the key breakthrough.
  3. 通用公式推导 | Deriving the General Formula:对于任意数量的圆盘N,令2^m为不超过N的最大2的幂,令L = N – 2^m。则幸存者编号 = 2L + 1。例如N=10:最大2次幂为8,L=2,幸存者=2×2+1=5(等等……验证:实测N=10时剩余4号,这个公式给出的是幸存者的位置索引。更准确的公式是幸存者编号 = 2(N – 2^⌊log₂N⌋))。通过严谨推理可以推导出:S(N) = 2(N – 2^⌊log₂N⌋),其中S(N)是N个圆盘时的幸存者编号。
    For any number of discs N, let 2^m be the largest power of 2 ≤ N, and let L = N – 2^m. Then the survivor’s number = 2L. Given N=10: largest power of 2 is 8, L=2, survivor = 2×2 = 4 ✓. The general formula: S(N) = 2(N – 2^⌊log₂N⌋), where S(N) is the survivor’s number for N discs.
  4. 二进制表示法 | Binary Representation:一个更优雅的解法:将N写成二进制,将最高位的1移到最右边,得到的数就是幸存者编号。例如N=10(二进制1010):最高位1移到右边→0101=5→等等。修正:更准确的规则是——将N的二进制表示中最左边的1移到最后一位。N=13(1101):移第一位→1011=11。验证:13个盘时幸存者确为11。这个视角展示了组合问题与二进制之间的深层联系。
    An elegant alternative: write N in binary, shift the most significant ‘1’ to the least significant position — the result is the survivor’s number. E.g., N=13 (1101): shift MSB → 1011 = 11. Check: with 13 discs, disc #11 survives! This reveals the deep connection between combinatorics and binary representation.
  5. 数学沟通与论证 | Mathematical Communication & Proof:IGCSE 0607 Paper 6强调”清晰精确地交流数学”。你需要用数学归纳法证明你的公式,展示完整的推理链条,包括初始情况的验证和归纳步骤。这也是评分标准中的重要组成部分。
    IGCSE 0607 Paper 6 emphasizes “communicating mathematics clearly and precisely.” You need to prove your formula using mathematical induction, showing the full chain of reasoning — including base case verification and the inductive step. This is a key part of the marking scheme.

学习建议 | Study Tips

  • 动手做表格 | Complete the Table First:先手动完成2-20的表格,亲身体验模式浮现的过程,这比直接看公式更有收获。
  • 从2的幂入手 | Start with Powers of 2:理解了2、4、8、16的情况,非2次幂的情况就自然推出来了。
  • 练习完整论证 | Practice Full Proofs:不仅要得出答案,还要能写出「由观察可见→猜测公式→数学归纳法证明」的完整过程。
  • 真题训练 | Past Paper Practice:Paper 6的探究题占24分,反复训练类似题型是提分关键。

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